Fig. 1. Wine crystal photographed with a 1X microscope objective and viewed with a polarizing light microscope (Axioscope). The flower-like crystals are approximately 10 mm wide.

Fig 2. Wine crystal shown above but photographed with a 2.5X objective and polarizing light microscope.

Introduction

     I define low magnification photography to include images of specimens that are about 1-10 mm in size. I show images from a 1X and 2.5X objectives attached to a light microscope (Zeiss Axioscope Fig.41). I also photographed images with stereomicroscopes, macrophotography lenses and a flatbed scanner. Most compound light microscopes come with a range of objectives from 4X to 100X. The total microscope magnification provided is dependent on the combination of the eyepiece magnification multiplied by the objective magnification. Lower magnification objectives like the 1X and 2.5X are less common. I show that these low magnification objectives are useful for capturing wide views of crystals, plant sections, and invertebrates.

Fig. 3. Lilium Brown ovary cross sections from a prepared microscope slide, bright-field microscopy. Image was photographed using a 1X Zeiss Neofluar infinity objective attached to a microscope. All images were captured digitally using a Nikon D800 full frame digital camera connected to a Windows computer and Digicam control software (free).

     A stereo microscope also provides low magnification from about 1X to 100X. A stereo-microscope is used in biology mainly for dissection because it has a large working distance above the specimen. When the specimen is photographed at different distances from the lens and then combined by a process called focus-stacking, the combined image appears three dimensional Fig. 25 (R. Berdan, 2017).  

   I also use macro-lenses and flat bed scanners to take low magnification images. Microscope objectives can also be directly connected to a camera via extension tubes or bellows and used for extreme macro-photography (J.J Ingles-Le Nobel, 2017). For additional notes about low power microscope objectives and stereo-microscopes see (D. Walker, 2005, 2011; D. Walker and Ian Walker, 2011). To see more images taken with low power objectives visit The MicrobeHunter blog.

Fig. 4. Mosquito larva and water-flea (Daphnia) photographed with the Canon MPE-65 macrolens using techniques I describe elsewhere by R. Berdan, 2020. 20X.

Fig. 5. Green leafhopper from a prepared slide photographed using a 1X microscope objective. Total magnification about 15X.

     Low power 4 or 5X objectives are used initially to examine an overview of the specimen before switching to a higher powered objective. The maximum useful magnification of a light microscope is 1000X using a 100X objective (oil immersion). Using 15X or 20X eyepieces can increase the magnification further but it will not improve the resolving power – the ability to distinguish two side by side objects. Magnification with standard compound light microscopes is limited to about half the wavelength of visble light i.e. 0.2 microns (E. Abbe, 1873). A micron, also called a micrometer, is equal to one thousandth of a millimeter.

Fig. 6. Fruit fly from a prepared microscope slide. Bright field microscopy using a 2.5X objective. Two images were stitched together to produce the final image.

Fig. 7. Fresh water leech from Alberta, it has 3 pairs of eyes. Photographed using a 2.5X objective and dark-field microscopy.

     Super resolution light microscopes at the present time can resolve structures down to about 8 nm using lasers, computers and additional techniques (Hensel et al., 2025).  Super resolution microscopy is discussed elsewhere for those interested in an overview see (Wikipedia, 2025). The 100X objective is usually used with oil immersion fluid. Oil allows the 100X objective to achieve its maximum resolution and aperture. A 100X objective offers a limited depth of field and small field of view (~200 microns). This objective has a high numerical aperture (NA) up to 1.45. NA is a number that quantifies the ability of an objective to capture light, higher NA values indicate better light-gathering and resolution capabilities. The combination of condenser NA and objective NA determines the light microscope's maximum resolution (E. Abe, 1873).

     Most modern light microscopes come with an objective turret that supports 3 to 6 objectives of different magnification. The turret allows different objectives to be easily and rapidly rotated into place. If the objectives are parfocal each adjacent objective can be rotated into place of the other objective without colliding into the overlying coverglass and specimen. Parfocal objectives are usually supplied by the same manufacturer, and after rotating a new objective in place it will be close to in focus. It is possible to add objectives from different manufacturers to a microscope provided they have the correct thread size and focal length, but they may not be parfocal.  

     Two major types of objectives available today are those designed for fixed tube length microscopes (often 160 mm) and infinity light microscopes. While there were experiments with infinity objective designs earlier in history, infinity microscopes did not become commonplace until the 1980s. In general the two types of objectives can not be mixed (with some exceptions). The main advantage of infinity microscopes is that they allow additional optical components to be placed between the objective and eyepiece without degrading the image quality. Lower power objectives like 1X and 2.5X are available in both fixed focal length and as infinity objectives. I work with both types of objectives on different microscopes.

 

Fig. 8. Above are three compound microscope objectives all 10X. Left is a 10X Olympus phase contrast objective. PL stands for Positive Low phase contrast. This objective has a 0.25 Numerical aperture which is the same on the other two objectives. In the middle of the photo is a 10X Plan Achromat objective from AMscope (China) costing about $20 and on the right is an infinity objective from Zeiss costing hundreds of dollars. Note the Zeiss objective has a much wider thread diameter. Standard objective thread size (RMS - Royal Microscopical Society) is 20.32 mm but some microscopes use a different thread size (new Zeiss objectives use a M27 thread size which is 27 mm in diameter). Does objective thread size affect the objectives field of view or image quality? Apparently not, objective thread size primarily determines the objective's compatibility with the microscope's nosepiece (turret). The field of view (the area visible through the microscope) is primarily determined by the magnification of the objective lens and the eyepiece, not its thread size. 

     Objectives are the most important components of a light microscope. Each type of objective has a series of numbers on the lens barrel: magnification, focal length (e.g. 160 mm), or an infinity sign ∞ (Fig. 8.). Other numbers include the NA (numerical aperture) which is a measure of the light gathering ability. The higher the NA the brighter the view through the objective, the better the objectives ability to resolve objects and higher its cost. The number 0.17 on the objective refers to the optimum coverglass thickness to be used with that objective. A number “0” or NCG (no cover glass) indicates that the objective is designed optically to perform best without a coverglass over the specimen (metallurgical microscope objectives are designed for use without coverglass a.k.a. a coverslip). In practice, low magnification objectives with NA less than 0.4 does not require a coverslip (a 10X objective has a NA of 0.4).  For more information about microscope objectives, and numerical aperture see the Zeiss and Nikon web sites.

Fig. 9. Above photo shows an Olympus Plan-Achromat objective on the right which is designed for a fixed 160 mm microscope tube length. On the left side of the picture is a substage condenser designed to support the 1.3X Plan-Achromat objective. In some instances removing the standard microscope condenser provides a wider illumination that will support some low power objectives. I tried using a round LED light available from AMscope as a light source. The LED works with stereoscopes but isn't bright enough to support low power objectives. The LED light works well for illuminating slides viewed with stereo-microscopes. (Fig. 10, 11.) but not low power objectives (see macrophotography.net).

 

Fig. 10.LED (Light-Emitting Diode) round light source. On the left of the LED is a Canadian nickel for scale. The LED light was purchased from AMscope.com.

Fig. 11. Above shows the round LED light source sitting on the base of a Wild stereo-microscope used for macrophotography.The stereoscope also has two flash units attached to the front lens for taking images like the one shown below of a moth (Fig. 12).

Fig. 12. Moth photographed with a stereomicro-scope 40X, single photograph and flash illumination.

Fig. 13. Canadian Penny photographed at 1X magnification with a Wild stereo-microscope.

The LED light source also works well for macrophotography with the Canon MP-E 65 mm Macro lens and two flash units. See a review of the Canon MP-E65 macro lens (Lenslimphotography).

Fig. 14. A snowflake magnified about 15X photographed using a Canon MP-E 65 macro lens and electronic flash.

Fig. 15. Canon camera and MP-E 65 mm macro lens attached to a stand made from spare parts and some machining by my brother Mike Berdan.
.

Fig. 16. Water boatman (Corixidae) from a pond in Alberta photographed with the Canon MPE-65 macro lens and a flash. These insects are typically 12 mm long or less in length.

Four Main Types of Microscope Objectives

     The four most popular types of objectives for light microscopy are: Achromats, Plan-Achromats, Semi-apochromats and Apochromats. Achromats are the lowest in cost. Images taken with Achromat objectives are in focus in the central regions of the image, but blurred around the edges. Plan-Achromats provide sharp images from center to edge of the field, but they have limited colour correction. Colour fringes can be observed around smaller components in the image at higher magnifications. To eliminate colour fringing specimens can be photographed in black and white or with a green filter. Colour fringes can also be eliminated using Photoshop. Semi-apochromat objectives, also called fluorite objectives, offer a higher level of chromatic and spherical aberration correction, and better color correction. Apochromatic objectives offer the highest quality, highest NA and are the most expensive objectives. These objectives are corrected for chromatic and spherical aberrations across a wide range of wavelengths (typically red, green, and blue).

Fig. 17. On the Left: picture of Vitamin C crystals photographed with an Achromat objective,  note the edges where the arrows are pointing are out of focus. On the Right: is the same specimen photographed with a Plan-Achromat objective, note that the image is in focus right to the edge of the field. 10X objectives.

     A few years ago I purchased a Zeiss 1X 160 mm objective on eBay (Fig. 18). I could not use it on my Axioscope which is designed for infinity objectives. I kept the objective for macrophotography . David Walker (2005) attached this objective onto a LOMO fixed focal length microscope (Leningrad Optical & Mechanical Enterprise) and obtained good results. D. Walker (editor of Microscopy UK) shows pictures of insect parts and crystals taken with this objective.

Fig. 18. Zeiss 160 mm Plan Achromat 1X objective for fixed tube length microscopes.

Fig. 19. Above left is a Zeiss infinity EC Plan-Neoflur objective I purchased from Munday Scientific. It fits on my Axioscope and has maximum field of view of 27 mm. I can only capture about 11 mm in my full frame camera. On the right is a 2.5X Plan Achromat objective I have been using for several years. The 2.5X lens has a higher NA = 0.07, provides higher resolution and has more contrast than the 1X objective. The 1X and 2.5X objective both work well with the Zeiss universal condenser which has a flip out top condenser lens. Both Zeiss objectives are infinity objectives and are parfocal. The 1X lens requires effort to get good images and has only 2.9 mm of clearance above the specimen. I recommend the 2.5X objective over the 1X, unless you need the wider field of view. I will continue to use both objectives.

Fig. 20. Fresh water snail (Helisoma trivolvis) from an Alberta pond, photographed with a 2.5X objective using a combination of polarized light and dark-fie[d illumination.

Fig. 21. Fresh water Hydra photographed by dark-field microscopy and a 2.5X microscope objective.

Fig. 22. Fresh water Hydra with a bud, photographed with a combination of polarizing and dark-field microscopy using a 2.5X Zeiss objective. Hydra are one of the most fascinating organisms I have observed and they are significant biologically because unlike other animals - they don't age!

Fig. 23. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of cerebellum (brain tissue) where normal Purkinje cell nuclei are stained purple (difficult to see at this magnification) and the cytoplasms are stained pink. This image was taken with the EC Plan-Neoflur 1X objective. Because the 1X objective has a lower NA and resolution than the 2.5X the image appears softer and can't be enlarged as much as images taken with the 2.5X objective.

Fig. 24. Above is a cross section of a blue-spruce branch (Picea pungens). I cut the section by hand and photographed it with a differential interference microscope (DIC) using the 2.5X objective. The panorama was formed by stitching several images together in Photoshop. I was told that these low power objectives would not work with DIC prisms, obviously they do.

 

Fig. 25. Painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) from Alberta photographed with a stereoscope using focus stacking, 36X. I stacked 12 images (R. Berdan, 2017) and used a small Z axis micrometer table to move the butterfly vertically between photos (see below).

Fig. 26. Manual micrometer vertical table purchased from Amazon.

    
     For photography I use DSLR (Digital single lens reflex) cameras attached to my microscope and stereoscope trinocular head. I preview the images on a computer screen using free software (Digicam control) available online. In my experience DSLR cameras offer better dynamic range, smoother video capture, higher resolution RAW files and they cost less than C mount cameras used for research. DSLR cameras can also be used for other types of photography. For those needing more information about light microscope basics see "The Structure and Function of a light Microscope by R. Berdan (2024)".

Condensers

      Low power objectives require a wider light source than most microscope condensers can provide. On some microscopes you can remove the condenser below the specimen stage to obtain a broader light. I tried using diffusion glass over the light source but the light was still uneven and insufficient for the 1X objective. The Zeiss universal condenser supports bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast, polarizing and differential interference objectives (DIC) including the 1X Neofluar objective. The universal condenser is expensive, but I found some used ones online for under a thousand dollars.

Fig. 27. Zeiss Achromatic-Aplanatic Universal Condenser. The top condenser lens can be flipped out of the light source to provide a wide light source for use with low power objectives from 1 to 5X. and higher objectives up to 100X

    

Epi-illumination and the 2.5X Objective

     Some Axioscopes provide epi-illumination as well as illumination from below the specimen. For the image shown below I used a goose neck fiber optic light to illuminate and photograph it. I took two adjacent images with a 2.5X objective and stitched them together. The amphipod was 4 mm long.

Fig. 28. Freshwater amphipod - a crustacean (Hyalella azteca). This is a widespread species found in fresh water ponds in North America. It ranges in size from 2-8 mm. The spines on its dorsal surface are used to distinguish it from other amphipod species.

Photomicrography of crystals by Polarized light microscopy

     I enjoy photographing crystals with a polarizing light microscope because of their vivid colours and shapes. I use Plan-Achromatic objectives or polarizing objectives. I use the 2.5X, 5X, and 10X objectives most often. Below are images of various crystals in polarized light taken with both the 2.5X and 1X objectives.

Fig. 29. Wine crystal photographed with a polarizing light microscope and a 2.5X objective.

Fig. 30. Panorama of Vitamin C crystals photographed with a 2.5X objective.

    A 2.5X objective is cheaper than a 1X objective. I measured the field of view of the 1X and 2.5X images captured by my camera (Nikon D800 full frame). The Zeiss 1X infinity objective provided a 10.5 mm field of view while the 2.5X provided a 4.3 mm field of view in camera.

Fig. 31. Shown above is a picture of a micrometer test slide photographed with 1X Zeiss objective and my full frame Nikon D800 full frame digital camera. The field of view captured was about 10.5 mm wide with the 1X objective. The smallest part of the scale is divided into 10 micron increments. and the resoluton of the 1X objective is about 25 microns. The 2.5X objective had a smaller field of view of 4.3 mm in camera and a resolution of about 5 microns.

Fig. 32. Wine crystal about 8 mm in diameter photographed with 1X EC-Plan objective and a polarized light microscope.

Fig 33. Wine crystals by polarized light microscopy with Zeiss EC-Plan 1X objective. Colours can be modified by turning the polarizing filters and a full wave compensator.

Fig. 34. Wine crystals by polarized light microscopy photographed with 2.5X objective, the crystals shown above resemble plants.

Fig. 35. Wine crystals by polarized light microscopy photographed with a 2.5X objective.

Fig. 36. Wine crystals by polarized light microscopy photographed with a 2.5X objective.

Fig. 37. Photograph of section through a pine cone (Pinus strobis) from a prepared slide. Image stitched from 12 images taken with a 2.5X objective (total magnification about 20X). Bright-field light microscopy. The pine cone section was stained.   

 

Scanners for low magnification Microscopy

     In order to obtain wider fields of view I scanned some microscope slides with a flatbed scanner and a 35 mm slide scanner (Nikon coolscan 5000) (R. Berdan, 2017). I was working on a childrens book about money and the author needed pictures of Canadian currency (E. Drobot, 2004). Flatbed scanners provide high resolution up to 6400 dpi (dots per inch) and I could scan an entire banknote. Adobe claimed in 2017 if they detected that money was scanned and brought into photoshop they would notify police, but thankfully I never received a call. The resolution and quality of the scanned images were excellent (Fig. 38). Subsequently I tried scanning some prepared microscope slides and achieved decent results, but images photographed with a low power microscope objective were better.

 

Fig. 38. On the left is an image of Pediculus pubis (pubic lice) from a prepared slide and from an Epson V600 Flatbed photo scanner (cost $250 CDN). On the right is the image taken with a 4X light microscope objective for comparison. This parasite is approximately 5 mm long (vertical scale bar).

     Using a flatbed scanner I produced magnified images of bank notes - see below. The image was scanned at 3200 dpi (dots per inch).

Fig. 39. Details of a Canadian dollar bill revealed by a flat-bed scanner. Photographs were for a book published by E. Drobot (2004).

 

     In 2023 a customer asked me to photograph a leaf showing individual cells and enlarging the picture to 14x 48 feet or larger. My customer specified an Aspen leaf, but due to the thickness of the leaf, individual cells were not easily visible. I suggested another plant leaf Elodea. I had used this water plant in biology class to study cytoplasmic streaming. I photographed the Elodea leaf with a 200X microscope objective and tried to stitch 1000 images or more. My computer could handle the task, but not Photoshop. Later I was able to achieve large panoramas of Elodea using several different software programs (R. Berdan, 2023).

     Around that time Motic microscopy offered to scan some slides for me on their new slide scanner (Fig. 40). The results were impressive, but the digital images had to be stored off site on one of their servers and unfortunately they were moved after a few months so the links to the images are no longer working. Their slide scanner was able to photograph the slide around 200X, focus stack and stitch the images for greater clarity. I am not sure how long it took to scan a single image, but it took several hours for me to scan and stitch one slide using an upright microscope. Microscope slide scanners are being used to create digital libraries for pathology and histology instruction. The cost of the slide scanner (> 20,000 dollars at the time) makes them suited for institutions, schools, hospitals, research facilities or service bureaus. I believe slide scanners, that stitch and focus stack will likely become more affordable in the future.

 

Fig. 40. Photograph of a microscope slide with a small Aspen leaf mounted under a coverslip. The leaf was subsequently scanned with a Motic slide scanner and enlarged to 14 x 48 feet (R. Berdan , 2023).

 

Summary & Conclusion

     I describe methods used to capture images of organisms and crystals from about 1- 25 mm in size. These methods include using 1 and 2.5X objectives, stereomicroscopes, macro-lenses and slide scanners. The 1X EC-Plan Neofluar objective requires more effort to obtain good images and it has a small working distance (2.9 mm), but it offers a wide field of view (27 mm). Low power microscopy objectives are useful for studying invertebrates, parasites, and plants. The stereomicroscope also fits this niche, but it requires another scope. I believe both the 1 & 2.5X microscope objectives have the potential for wider use in light microscopy. Macrolenses can also play an important role because of their portability. I dream of owning a table top scanning electron microscope one day that I could use to augment my light microscopy investigations. In conclusion the 1-2.5X light microscope objectives deserve more attention from microscopists.

Fig. 41. Throughout this article I mention a Zeiss A1 Axioscope microscope shown above on the right. Microscopy has been one of my passions for over 50 years and I have worked with a wide variety of light and electron microscopes.

Acknowledgements: I thank Chad Potts at Munday scientific for providing me with the EC-Plan 1X Zeiss objective within 48 hours. Motic for scanning some microscope slides for me. I thank Michael Berdan for constructing a macrophotography stand for my Canon MPE-65 lens and camera. Finally, I thank Lita McDonald (former Zeiss rep) for bringing an Axioscope to my home in Calgary and allowing me to test it - Axioscope shown in Fig. 41).

Note: Educators and students may use my images freely for reports and teaching. For commercial use please contact me. If you use my web images online I appreciate attribution and a link back to this web page. All images are copyright and are for sale for personal and commercial use. I also provide custom crystal photographs. I do not receive compensation for links posted.

References:

T.A. Hensel, J.O. Wirth, O. L. Schwartz and S.W. Hell (2025) Diffraction mnima resolve point scatterers at few hundreds of the wavelength. Nature physics.
DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02760-1

R. Berdan and B. Berdan (2020) Cell Phone Cameras, Dedicated Digital Cameras and Digital Single Lens Reflex Cameras for Photomicrography. https://www.canadiannaturephotographer.com/cellphones_dedicatedcameras_DSLRs.html

Wikipedia (2025) Super-resolution microscopy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_microscopy

J. J. Ingles-Le Nobel (2017) Extreme Macro Microscope Objectives
http://extreme-macro.co.uk/microscope-objectives/#ixzz4c5n0ZHnx

R. Berdan (2017) Focus stacking, comparing Photoshop, Helicon Focus and Zerene. https://www.canadiannaturephotographer.com/rberdan_focus_stacking.html

E. Abbe, (1873) is often credited with the formula describing the resolution limit of the light microscope, about half the wavelength of light   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Abbe

D. Walker (2005) Notes on using a very low power objective, the Zeiss plan 1X, on a LOMO microscope; http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun05/dwlowpower.html

D.  Walker (2011) Notes on studying and photographing prepared slides of larger subjects on a stereo microscope. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov08/dw-stereosl.html

D. Walker and I. Walker (2011) Review: Three stereo microscope models/designs compared. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artapr07/dw-stereo.html

M.W. Davidson Nikon Microscopy Numerical Aperture tutorial. https://www.microscopyu.com/microscopy-basics/numerical-aperture

R. Rottenfusser, E.E. Wilson and M.W. Davidson Zeiss Numerical Aperture and Resolution
https://zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu/articles/basics/resolution.html

E. Drobot (2004) Money, Money, Money – Were it comes from, How to Save it, Spend it and Make it. Maple Tree Press. Toronto, Ontario. (Includes images by Robert Berdan of money enlarged and taken using various scanners.) https://www.amazon.ca/Money-Where-Comes-Save-Spend/dp/1897066112

R. Berdan (2023) Large Panoramic Images taken with a Light-Microscope of Aspen and Elodea Leaves. https://www.canadiannaturephotographer.com/leaf_panorama.html

R. Berdan (2017) Using a Flatbed and Slide Scanner as a Low Power Microscope. https://www.canadiannaturephotographer.com/rberdan_scanner_microscope2017.html

Nikon Microscopy U - Microscope Objective Specifications – overview
https://www.microscopyu.com/microscopy-basics/microscope-objective-specifications

R. Berdan (2024) The Structure and Function of a Light Microscope. Motic blog.
https://moticmicroscopes.com/blogs/articles/the-structure-and-function-of-a-light-microscope?srsltid=AfmBOooWFsh8RiujdF3kgnwyy548jwxVFM7vXBV-kagMxw4iH02Cdg94

 

Software and lens tests

EC Plan-Neofluar 1X/0.025 M27 Objective from Munday Scientific Cost $1595 US.
Equivalent to $2292 CDBm shipping and customs about $300 CDN.

EC Plan-Neofluar 1X/0.025 M27 https://www.micro-shop.zeiss.com/en/us/shop/objectives/420300-9900-000/Objective-EC-Plan-Neofluar-1x-0.025-M27 Cost $3787 CDN

Digicam Control Free Software to connect a DSLR camera and capture images on a Windows computer screen - free. https://digicamcontrol.com/

Adobe Photoshop Home Page: https://www.adobe.com/ca/products/photoshop.html

Helicon focus software: https://www.heliconsoft.com/heliconsoft-products/helicon-focus/

Robert OToole - Close-up Photography using Microscope Objective lenses https://www.closeuphotography.com/objectives

Johan J Ingles-Le Nobel (2017) Extreme Macro Objectives
http://extreme-macro.co.uk/microscope-objectives

Randy Randfo (2006) DSLR Microphotography – Basics for Macrophotography with microscope objectives. https://www.instructables.com/DSLR-Microphotography/

Edmund Scientific 1X Mitutoyo Plan Apo Infinity corrected long WD Objective. https://www.edmundoptics.ca/p/1x-mitutoyo-plan-apo-infinity-corrected-long-wd-objective/15148/

Low Cost 1X Plan Achromatic Objective for Shop Microscopes Omax. https://omaxmicroscope.com/products/aj101p

Olympus 160 mm 1.3X Objective. https://spectrographic.co.uk/products/copy-of-olympus-mplan-1-5x-objective

2.5X Zeiss objective A-Plan M27 https://www.micro-shop.zeiss.com/en/us/shop/objectives/421020-9900-000/Objective-A-Plan-2.5x-0.06-M27

SpachOptics Zeiss A-Plan https://www.spachoptics.com/Zeiss-objective-A-Plan-2-5x-0-06-M27-Objective-p/zeiss-421020.htm

Leica Forensic Comparison Microscope Objective M PL APO MACRO 1x  581047https://microscopemarketplace.com/products/leica-forensic-comparison-microscope-objective-m-pl-apo-macro-1x-581047?_pos=8&_sid=a1f55c6f5&_ss=r

1X Objectives Munday Scientific https://microscopemarketplace.com/search?search-filter=&q=1X+objective&options%5Bprefix%5D=last

1X Objective Nikon Plan Achromat https://microscopecentral.com/products/nikon-1x-plan-achromat-microscope-objective

1X Macro Objective Lens Motic https://moticeurope.com/en/macro-objective-1x.html

Resolution of a 1X Macro lens - https://www.closeuphotography.com/1x-macro-lens-test-2022

Photographs with 1X objectives. https://www.microbehunter.com/microscopy-forum/viewtopic.php?t=15660&start=30

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Authors Biography & Contact Information

Bio: Robert Berdan is a professional nature photographer living in Calgary, AB specializing in nature, wildlife and science photography. Robert retired from Cell\Neurobiology research to pursue photography full time years ago. Robert offers photo instruction ain all aspects of nature photography, Photoshop training, photomicrography and macro-photography. Portrait of Robert by Dr. Sharif Galal showing some examples of Robert's science research in the background.

Email at: rberdan@scienceandart.org 
Web sites: www.canadiannaturephotographer.com  www.scienceandart.org
Phone: MST 10 am -7 pm (403) 247-2457.